PART 1
PART 2
PART 3
ππππππππππππππππππππππππππππππππππππππππ
Monday, 12 December 2016
Friday, 9 December 2016
TOPIC 3 - LIFE CYCLE AND SYSTEM OF TIGER SHRIMP
 |
Figure
1: Giant Tiger Prawn, Penaeus monodon
|
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Subphylum: Crustacea
Class: Malacostracea
Order: Decapoda
Suborder: Dendrobranchiata
Family: Penaeidae
Genus: Penaeus
Species: P. Monodon
The giant tiger
prawn, Penaeus monodon, is found in the Indian Ocean and western
Pacific (Indo-West Pacific). The prawns are distributed from east and southeast
Africa to northern and eastern Australia, Japan, Pakistan and the Malay
Archipelago. It is cultured commercially in much of its range. Western Indian
Ocean and western Pacific populations have separate evolutionary histories.
The largest of all the cultivated shrimp, it can grow to a length of 36 cm
and is farmed in Asia.
 |
Figure 2: Life Cycle of Tiger Shrimp
|
The eggs are demersal and tend to
sink while larvae are Planktonic. Prawn larva thrives mainly offshore and
undergoes three main stages: nauplius, protozoea, and mysis. At the postlarval
and juvenile stages, the prawn migrates toward the estuary. As it grows, it
starts moving to the shallow coastal waters. The adult prawn inhabits the open
sea.
Sexes are separate and can be
easily distinguished through the external genitalia located at the ventral
side. The thelycum in females and petasma in males. During mating, the male
deposits the spermatophore inside the thelycum of the female. Mating can only
occur between newly molted females and hard-shelled males. Spawning tanks place
throughout the year. The eggs are fertilized in the water after the female
simultaneously extrudes the eggs and the spermatophore. The number of eggs
released by a single spawner varies from 248,00
to 811,000.
Eggs
The eggs are small, spherical,
and vary from 0.25 to 0.27 mm in diameter. The developing Nauplius almost fills
up the entire space inside the egg. At 28-30°C, the eggs hatch 12-17 h after
spawning.
Nauplius Stage
Stage after eggs have hatched. The
prawn Nauplius is very tiny, measuring from 0.30 to 0.58 mm in total length. It
swims intermittently upward using its appendages in a “bat-like” manner. It is
attracted to light and in aerated tanks, it will concentrate in the most
lighted areas if aeration is stopped. The Nauplius molts through each
of six sub stages for a total of about 1.5-2 days. The substrates differ from
each other mainly on the furcal spine formula. The latter indicates the number
of spines at each side of the furca.
Protozoea Stage
Its body is more elongated and
measures from 0.96 to 3.30 mm in total length. It consists of the carapace,
thorax and abdomen. It can also be distinguished by its movements, it swims
vertically and diagonally forward towards the water surface.
The protozoea undergoes three
sub-stages. The paired eyes of protozoea can be obscured as two dark spots in
the upper portion of the carapace. These eyes
become stalked at protozoea II. At protozoea III, the dorsal medain spine
at the sixth abdominal segment first appears.
 |
Figure 3: Eyestlak Ablation
|
Eyestalk ablation
The removal of one (unilateral) or both (bilateral) eyestalks from
a crustacean. It is routinely practiced on female shrimps (or prawns)
in almost every marine shrimp maturation or reproduction facility in the world,
both research and commercial. Two ways of eyestalk ablation is by incision and
pressing the eye. The most commonly accepted theory
is that a gonad inhibitory hormone (GIH) is produced in the neurosecretory
complexes in the eyestalk. This hormone apparently occurs in nature in the
non-breeding season and is absent or present only in low levels during the
breeding season. By inference, then, the reluctance of most penaeids to
routinely develop mature ovaries in captivity is a function of elevated levels
of GIH, and eyestalk ablation lowers the high hemolymph titer of GIH. The
effect of eyestalk removal is not on a single hormone such as GIH, but rather
effects numerous physiological processes
Mysis Stage
Shrimp-like with the head
pointing downward. Its body measures from 3.28 to 4.87 mm in total length. The
telson and uropods are developed. The mysis swims in quick darts accomplished
by bending the abdomen backwards. For mysis sub-stages, the most prominent
change is the development of pleopods. The pleopods appear as buds at Mysis I,
which protrude at Mysis II and finally become segmented at Mysis III.
Post larval Stage
The post larval resembles an
adult prawn. At post larvaI the rostrum is straight and exceeds the tip of the
eye. Plumose hairs are present on the
swimming legs.
THE HATCHERY FACILITIES
Larval and Post larval Tanks
Rubberized canvas, marine plywood,
fiberglass, or concrete. These can either be circular, oval or rectangular,
depending on the operator’s preference or financial capability. The capacity of
each tank may be from 1-20 t but 10-12 t tanks are more economical and
practical. Depth should only be about 1m because tanks which are too deep are
difficult to manage.
 |
Figure 4:Larval Tanks
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Algal tanks
Minute plants (phytoplankton) are
needed as food for the early life stages of prawn. Algal tanks must be shallow
(ideally 0.5 m deep) to allow sufficient light prevention.
Spawning Tanks
It is advantageous to have
smaller tanks with volumes ranging from 0.25 to 1 to where egg washing is done.
Artemia Hatching Tanks
Artemia or brine shrimp is a
protein-rich live food organism given to prawn larvae starting at the Mysis
stage. Artemia is available in cyst form which has to be hydrated and incubated
in tanks for at least 18-24 h.
Reservoir
Storage tank is necessary for
chlorination and holding of filtered and treated water for daily use. This must
have a total capacity of at least 50% total larval tank volume.
Aeration System
Aeration is necessary in hatchery
operations to keep food particles and algal cells in suspension and to maintain
sufficient dissolved oxygen levels. Continuous aeration is essential during
operations. A standby generator will be very useful during power interruptions.
 |
Figure 5:Paddle Wheel Aerator
|
To prevent disease outbreak, the
hatchery should be totally dried after several production runs. Tanks and
facilities in the hatchery must also be cleaned well prior to a hatchery run. New
tanks need to be filled with fresh or seawater for at least a week to avoid
mortalities due to toxic effects of chemicals used during construction of the
tanks.
Selection and Stocking of Spawners
Nauplius to be reared to the fry
stage can come from broodstock wild or pond-reared immature females induced
to mature by unilateral eyestalk ablation. Wild spawners female prawns caught
from the sea with developed ovaries. The number of spawners needed for
a hatchery runs is dependent of the nauplii requirement. For every million
nauplii about 4-5 wild spawners or 7-8 m female broodstock are needed. Spawner
procured as nauplii source must be carefully selected to obtain high fertilization
and hatching rates of eggs. Stage of maturity should not be used as the basis
for selection. Spawners must also be disease free. To ensure development of the
eggs, females should be mated to ensure release of sperm cells necessary for
fertilization.
Stocking of Nauplii
During stocking and throughout
the culture period, prawn must not be exposed to abrupt changes in
environmental conditions. The prawn must be given time to gradually adapt to
new conditions to avoid stress and mortalities.
Feeding
Nauplii subsits on the yolk
stored in their bodies. Larvae start to feed at the first protozoeal sub stage
( diatoms like Skeletonema or Chaetoceros) Larvae at the second protozoeal sub
stage may be fed Tetraselmis. At the Mysis Stage, some fish protein must be
present in the diet. Newly hatched artemia nauplii and microparticulate diets,
most commonly used protein source which contain about 45-50% protein. When they reach the postlarval
stage, egg custard, trash fish, mussel meat or ground dried acetes (small
shrimp or alamang) can be given to supplement the Artemia nauplii diet.
 |
Figure 6: Feeding the Prawns' Babies
|
Seawater Quality and Quantity
Seawater with minimum seasonal
fluctuation in quality is most desirable. It should not be affected by inland
discharges containing agricultural runoff or industrial wastes. Turbidity
should be as low as possible. Adequate volume of seawater should be available
when needed. The best method to determine the suitability of seawater for
larval rearing is to conduct preliminary larval rearing experiments using pails
or small tanks on the site. The production of post larvae with reasonable
survival rate from eggs in a series of at least three runs would indicate the
likelihood of success.
TOPIC 2 – PROBLEMS, RESEARCH AND FUTURE OF AQUACULTURE
PROBLEMS
Although there are a number of
ways aquaculture benefits the environment, there are
also several concerns regarding its use. In many cases, THE PROBLEMS have already transpired and have been re mediated. Regardless, aquaculture does pose some problems and
concerns that have needed to be addressed.
- ENVIRONMENT: Like a giant aquarium, land-based fish farms must change their tanks' dirty water. Depending on the system's set-up, this can result in the discharge of significant amounts of wastewater containing feces, nutrients and chemicals into the environment. Nutrients can result in algae blooms which eventually remove dissolved oxygen in the receiving waterway, or eutrophication. A zero oxygen content results in fish kills. In addition, chemicals are commonly used in the aquaculture industry, such as antibiotics and water treatment agents.Aquaculture systems should be closed, or its wastewater treated prior to discharge.
- DISEASE: Aquaculture operations can spread parasites and disease into the wild. Just as commercial chicken coops must be kept clean and are notorious for disease, farmed fish and shellfish are subject to the same circumstances. Farmed fish have an increased chance of getting parasites such as sea lice, as opposed to fish in their natural environment. Farmed fish are also exposed to diseases through the use of unprocessed fish to feed as their food source, as opposed to safer processed fish pellets.
- ESCAPEES: Aquaculture is one of the largest causes in which foreign species are introduced into new areas, creating invasive species under the right conditions. Farmed fish can escape from their pens, damaging both the environment and threatening native fish populations. Invasives can compete for food and habitat, displace indigenous species, and interfere with the life of wild species. They can also carry diseases or parasites that might kill native species. In addition, escapees that are able to breed with the wild stock can dilute the natural gene pool and threaten the long-term survival and evolution of wild species.
- SECONDARY IMPACTS: Because farmed fish need a food source, other wild species are threatened to be overfished for the manufacture of fish food. Because most farmed fish are carnivorous, they are fed either whole fish or pellets made from fish. Species such as mackerel, herring and whiting are threatened from the pressure to create food for other farmed species.
- CONSTRUCTION: Both land-based and aquatic wildlife can lose their habitats through the building of aquaculture facilities along the coast, where clean and natural water can be accessed for its processes. In one famous example, in Asia and Latin America, mangrove forests have been cleared to make space for shrimp farm
- FISH FEED REQUIREMENT: Farmed carnivorous fish, such as salmon, require a food source which is high in fish-derived proteins. This generally comes from wild capture fish at the bottom of the food chain, which are not usually marketed for human consumption. There are two key challenges to developing a sustainable aquaculture industry. The first is to find a source of food for the farms which does not depend exclusively on wild fish being caught. The second is to ensure that any wild fish used as feed is caught in a sustainable manner. This is because removal of these species low in the food chain can have serious implications for fish stocks, the food web and other wildlife including sea mammals and seabirds.
- SITES IN VULNERABLE HABITATS: There are a number of problems which stem from fish farms being located in inappropriate areas. These include vulnerable habitats (both terrestrial and marine), essential fish habitats or areas with high concentrations of wild fish. Some of the problems can include organic waste accumulation on the seabed under sea pens – resulting in localised degraded water quality sea lice and other disease transfer; and altered foodwebs from escaped individuals as described below.
- ESCAPEES: When fish escape from a farm open to the sea, this can lead to problems for the wider ecosystem. This is because escaped farmed fish can interbreed with wild fish of the same species, resulting in genetic dilution (domestic farmed fish can have low genetic variation); they can spread disease; they can displace eggs of wild fish and they can put pressure on natural resources through competition with wild fish.
- ALIEN INTRODUCTIONS: Invasive non-native species are recognized as one of the main causes of global biodiversity loss. Recent reports suggest that this is a problem which is increasing. Aquaculture has benefited from the farming of alien species, but without proper management this can lead to altered ecosystems and biodiversity loss. An example of this is the introduction of the Pacific oyster into the UK. The Pacific oyster was introduced into UK waters in the 1960s for aquaculture purposes and it was seen as a more commercially viable alternative species to the native oyster. Since this time, the Pacific oyster has spread into the wild. Natural populations of the Pacific oyster can now be found in the Kent and Essex area resulting in reef formations which have displaced or modified some areas of the native oyster and biologically diverse marine environments. Natural England has produced a report about this specific example.
- POLLUTION: A range of chemicals can be used in marine aquaculture operations such as disinfectants, anti-foulants and medicines (including vaccines). These marine pollutants can be toxic to wildlife and can cause significant damage to the wider ecosystem, especially anti-foulants containing copper.
RESEARCH
OF AQUACULTURES
Research in Aquaculture involves
many aspects of aquaculture in order to support the nation’s effort to promote
large-scale sustainable practices. This group is equipped with facilities such
as outdoor tank culture systems, in-door glass aquarium systems, feed making
equipments, biochemistry and molecular laboratories. There are 3 core
laboratories, Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Laboratory of Fish Nutrition and
Laboratory of Fish Biology. The main research activities cover various aspects of aquaculture and
aquatic organism related areas, including diet development, culture techniques,
hatchery set ups, reproduction, biotechnology and population management. The
Laboratory of Fish Genetics is focuses on population genetics studies to
investigate local genetic population structure of cultured or endangered
species. The Laboratory of Fish Nutrition is well known in the area of feed
development; feed biochemistry for locally cultured species. In the Laboratory
of Fish Biologyx various research projects dealing with larviculture, protein
and DNA studies are carried out. Ornamental fish, an important branch of
Malaysian aquaculture is also an important component of aquaculture research.
ShrimpNews.com posted a great article on July
5th, 2015 about India shrimp exports. It has reached an all time high, with the USA being the
largest market. During India’s most recent fiscal
year April 1, 2014, to March 31, 2015, abbreviated as “FY15” exports of marine
products reached an all-time high of $5.5 billion. Shrimp accounted for 34% of the
quantity of marine product exports and 67% of their value. The overall export of shrimp
during FY15 was 357,505 metric tons, worth $3.7 billion. The USA was the
largest market for India’s shrimp (112,702 tons) followed by the European Union
(81,952 tons), South East Asia (69,068 tons) and Japan (30,434 tons).
(ShrimpNews.com).
FUTURE OF AQUACULTURES
FISH HARVESTED FROM AQUACULTURE MAKE UP 46% OF THE WORLD’S SEAFOOD
SUPPLY (FAO 2010).
In the coming years, aquaculture
will be the only way to fulfil mankind’s needs for animal proteins, due to the
increasing human population, combined with stagnation of yields from capture
fisheries. We share our expertise in the fish
farming area and help you improve the productivity and profitability of your
business. We create value for our customers by offering a
wide range of integrated and complementary services, covering all aspects of
the aquaculture business, from feasibility study to project implementation,
farm management and technology transfer
FUTURE AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT
In summary, there is
a need to develop aquaculture in Malaysia in order to reduce the high levels of
exploitation and dependence on natural fisheries resources. This will provide
the 250,000 tonnes of fish required by the year 1995 in Malaysia. There has been a
tremendous increase in the disposal of effluents and wastes into freshwater
bodies and coastal waters due to the development of both land-based industries
and aquaculture. There has also been a growing awareness of the importance and
need to preserve the environment. These are constraining factors that can slow
down the present growth of aquaculture in Malaysia. To ensure that progress and
growth of the aquaculture industry will not be affected by: (i) the lack of
available suitable sites for aquaculture; and (ii) controls intended to promote
and protect the environment, it is important that the Malaysian government
adopts various strategies to look into the matters.
These should include:
- Implementing and enforcing the present regulations, to establish zonings for the various aquaculture activities as has been done for some states;
- Adopting aquaculture systems and management techniques that are environmentally friendly and which will promote sustainable aquaculture development of natural resources;
- Enhancing the use of biological techniques rather than chemicals in aquaculture.
There is a need for aquaculture to be recognised as an emerging
sustainable industry of value to the community that is likely to increase in
size and value with time. As such, the industry should seek that planning and
regulatory processes promote not inhibit its future development. At the
same time, the industry should develop and enforce its own code of practices
for environmental protection and conflict amelioration and mitigation. Research in future should emphasise
development of technologies that are environmentally friendly and that provide
equitable social benefits. Sustainability should characterise every culture
system that is developed.
SCOPE AND POTENTIAL FOR FURTHER
DEVELOPMENT
There
is considerable potential for further expansion and development of aquaculture
in Malaysia, both in terms of available resources and supporting infrastructure
and services. Aquaculture is being accorded due recognition by the government
and has been identified as one of the thrust areas for development under the
New Agricultural Policy (1991-2010). By year 2010, aquaculture production is
projected to reach about 200,000 tons and contribute about 15% to the total
fish production annually. Shrimp culture and fish culture are expected to be
the main areas of growth. Although cockle culture is still expected to be
dominant, its percentage contribution is projected to decrease from 70% to
about 20%. Rapid growth of oyster culture is foreseen.
The
strategies for aquaculture development include:
Development
of new sites for the various culture systems
Availability
of potential sites for aquaculture is well recognized. Efforts are now being
made to identify and map these areas for future planning, especially in the
formulation and subsequent alienation of 'Aquaculture Development Areas' (Tan,
in press). Mapping is done through remote sensing and geographical information
systems. One of the setbacks in the past has been the indiscriminate alienation
of land, sometimes in conflict with the interests of aquaculture, and resulting
in low success rates and discouragement in the industry. Through zoning,
further development and better management of aquaculture will be facilitated. Construction
of dams for various purposes in recent years has presented a vast resource for
freshwater aquaculture. Most of the reservoirs (total surface area about
100,000 hectares) are not optimally used for fish production. Present
government policy encourages the use of marginal agricultural lands near the
coasts for brackishwater pond culture. Research is also conducted to develop
cage culture systems in more exposed coastal waters and cockle culture in
deeper waters.
Development
of new culture systems and species
Malaysia has vast untapped ichthyofaunal resource. Research is needed to
identify potential species for exploitation by the aquaculture industry.
Introduction of new species adds impetus to aquaculture development. Demand for
new varieties is very acute
in the ornamental fish industry. Priority is being given to the indigenous
riverine species such as Tor tambroides, Probarbus julleini, and Mystus
nemurus. Marine and
brackishwater species such as the seaweed Gracilaria sp., sea cucumber
Stichopus variegatus, golden pomfret Trachinotus blochii, and abalone Haliotis
sp. have been identified for further research. In addition, research is being
initiated on the application of biotechnological and genetic principles in the
improvement of cultured species. Such efforts include production of
gynogenetic, polyploid, sex-reversed, and transgenic fishes.
Refinement
of present technologies
Efforts
are also focused on the refinement of present hatchery and grow-out
technologies to make them more efficient and cost-effective. Among the objects
of research are the hatchery technologies for marine fishes, oysters, and
mudcrab, and culture technologies for mudcrab, white 133 Downloaded by
[122.55.1.77] from http://repository.seafdec.org.ph on November 26, 2016 at
11:18 PM CST ADSEA '94 Proceedings shrimp, and the freshwater prawn. Further
research is also needed for the development of artificial feed for marine
fishes, biomanipulation of culture ponds, and handling and post-harvest
technologies.
Wednesday, 7 December 2016
TOPIC 1 - HISTORY OF AQUACULTURE AND AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION STATUS
HISTORY OF AQUACULTURE
In the
historical past, aquaculture remained multilocational and isolated, each
location having evolved its own pattern, until in recent times, when with the
development of fast means of communication and travel bridging distances in
progressively decreasing time, species are being cultured adopting a measure of
standardised practices and sites when they are most suited.
The ‘Art’ of
aquaculture is very old. The evidence that Egyptians were probably the first in
the world to culture fish as far back as 2500 B.C. come from pictorial
engravings of an ancient Egyptian tomb showing tilapia being fished out from an
artificial pond. The Romans are believed to have reared fish in circular ponds
divided into breeding areas. Culture of Chinese carps was side spread in China
in 2000 B.C. writings in India made in 300 B.C. suggest means of rendering fish
poisonous in the Indian sub-continent in times of war. This implies that fish
culture prevailed in some Indian reservoirs. Some historical documents compiled
in 1127 A.D. describe methods of fattening fish in ponds in India. Culture of
Gangetic carps in Bengal in the Indian Sub-continent is of historical origin.
The Chinese
carried with them their traditional knowledge of carp culture to the countries
they emigrated like Malaysia, Taiwan, Indonesia, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam etc.
In the Philippines, fish culture has been done in brackish water ponds for
centuries. Eel culture in Japan is also very old.
In Central and
occidental Europe, common carp culture developed along with monasteries in the
middle ages. Later, with the development of pond fertilization and artificial
feeding, carp culture got a new lease of life especially in Central and
Oriental Europe. Simultaneously in Europe, salmonid culture began, fillip
having been provided by salmon breeding and rearing techniques which were
developed by them. Pollution in the aftermath of industrialisation, and
hydro-electric development, led to restocking of open waters in Europe. This
gave a new texture to development of aquaculture in Europe.
In North
America, fish culture has developed from the turn of the century emphasis
having been laid on trout for stocking in cold water and black bass in warm
waters. Except for the referred culture of tilapia in Egypt, the origin of
fish culture in Africa is recent. It was only at the end of II world war that
efforts were made to introduce and develop fish cultivation. The prize species
in Africa is tilapia, which, in recent years, has been extensively transplanted
into many warm countries almost round the equator. Tilapia has been referred to
as the ‘wonder fish’ of Africa and several attempts to popularise tilapia
culture in various African countries did not achieve so much success as
expected. In some countries mixed culture of tilapia and catfish (Clarias gariepinus) have achieved some
success lately; aquaculture prospects and priorities for Africa are now subject
to a fresh scrutiny in attempts to make it a successful venture, especially in
view of its role in rural development.
Fish culture is
only beginning in Latin America and most of the Middle-East. In Israel it has
made phenomenal progress. Since World War
II, four factors have contributed to rapid development of aquaculture. These
are:
- Facilities of fish transport by modern forms of communication bridging distances by quick transport.
- Use of polythene bags and fish transported therein under oxygen with addition, when necessary, of transquilizer to water.
- Artificial propagation of farmed fish (e.g. by hypophysation) and its application to difficult-to-breed fish (e.g. Chinese and Indian carps) and development of hatching techniques to rear eggs and larvae.
- Availability of feed concentrates and their distribution in pellet form.
The fish which
have figured most in inter-regional transplantation are rainbow trout, carp,
certain species of tilapia (T. mossambica
and T. nilotica) and Chinese carps (Ctenopharyngodon idella and Hypophthalmichthys mollitrix). Fish culture using
some standard methods has in recent years got itself extended to many parts of
the world. Fish breeding, artificial fertilization and pellet feeding, which at
one time were applied to selected species, are now made applicable to many
cultured species and, as time advances, more and more species are falling in
line, though details vary. With further research in aquaculture, especially on
production of fish seed and fish feed technologies, aquaculture in heading
towards a quantum jump in years to come.
GLOBAL
AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION STATUS
Aquaculture is estimated to contribute 10.21 million tons in fish
production in 1983. Group-wise breakdown of the contribution of aquaculture is:
|
Finfish
|
4.45 million tons
|
|
Mollusc
|
3.25 million tons
|
|
Crustaceans
|
0.12 million tons
|
|
Sea Weeds
|
2.39 million tons
|
|
Total
|
10.21 million tons
|
Region-wise
aquaculture production (million tons) follows the following pattern:
|
Asia
|
8.41
|
|
Africa
|
0.05
|
|
Latin America
|
0.22
|
|
Europe
|
1.22
|
|
North America
|
0.31
|
|
Total
|
10.21
|
ASEAN
AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION STATUS
 |
Figure
1: ASEAN aquaculture production in 2008. Land areas are adjusted proportionally
to reο¬ect production volumes.
|
ASEAN is
globally an important aquaculture region, with ASEAN members of Brunei,
Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Thailand,
Singapore and Vietnam together producing 11.3 million tons, around 17 per cent
of the world total. Aquaculture is a signiο¬cant part of the economy, food
supply and rural livelihoods within ASEAN. Indonesia dominates the aquaculture
production of the ASEAN region with a yearly production of 3.85 million tons,
followed by Vietnam, Philippines and Thailand with 2.50, 2.41 and 1.37 million
tons respectively (see Fig 1).
 |
Figure 2: Asean production of aquaculture species
groups (tons) in ASEAN countries in 2008. Seaweed constitutes the largest
group, followed by catο¬sh, shrimp/ prawn and carp.
|
 |
Graph 1: Reported
aquaculture production in Malaysia (from 1950)
(FAO Fishery Statistic) |
In 1990,
production from aquaculture was 52 302 tons. By 1994, production had doubled to
114 114 tons. In 2003, aquaculture production was at 194 139 tons at a value of
USD 308 million - about 20 percent of the total value of the fisheries
production in Malaysia.
Brackish water
species accounted for more than 70 percent of the total aquaculture production
in terms of value and quantity. Of these, blood cockles recorded the highest
production, followed by marine shrimp and other freshwater species, such as tilapia,
carps and catfish, as well as marine fish. Cockles account for almost 50
percent of the total brackish water aquaculture production, and about 37
percent of the annual aquaculture production.
However, marine
shrimp accounted for the highest value of production, with about 65 percent of
the total value of brackish water aquaculture production, and 52 percent of the
total value of aquaculture production in 2003. Marine and brackish water
aquaculture production recorded an increase of more than 20 percent in
comparison to production in 2002. Freshwater aquaculture production, however,
only recorded an increase of about 7 percent in comparison with production in
2002.
Wednesday, 26 October 2016
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